Analysis of the causes of death of U.S. presidents: Are politicians mere mortals?
Autori:
Denis Čerimagić, Sanja Zoranić, Goran Ivkić
Sažetak
Summary
Aim: The authors present the results of an analysis of the causes of death of U.S. presidents. Material and methods: In this paper, we analyzed biographical data on 45 presidents (of whom 40 are deceased), including gender, age at death, and party affiliation. We classified the causes of death and analyzed detected comorbidities and rare diseases. We presented cases of assassinations and assassination attempts on U.S. presidents and compared the collected data with the data on assassinations of presidents and prime ministers of other countries. The cases in which the vice presidents assumed the presidency due to the death or resignation of the president were analyzed. Results: To date exclusively men have held the office of U.S. president, with an average age at death of 72.2 years. The highest age at death was 46 years, and the lowest was 100 years. The most common causes of death were cardiological (11), neurological (9), multicausal (5), infectious (4), violent death (4), gastroenterological (2), oncological (2), pulmonological (2), and otorhinolaryngological (1). Heart attack was diagnosed as the cause of death in five presidents and stroke in eight. The association of smoking with the cause of death was established in 13 of the 16 presidents. Comorbidities from rare diseases were identified in four presidents. Four U.S. presidents were assassinated, and eight have survived one or more assassination attempts. The number of
assassinations of state leaders was higher in the U.S. than in France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and Israel. Due to the death or resignation of U.S. presidents during their term, the vice presidents took over the presidency in nine cases. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide an affirmative response to the question posed in the title of the publication. U.S. presidents experience similar health outcomes as the general population, most commonly dying from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; during the 18th and 19th centuries, they also frequently succumbed to infectious diseases that were widespread at that time. What distinguishes them from the general population is a higher risk of violent death.