Dabigatran-related nephropathy: a case report and literature review

Autori:

Adriana Adamović, Nikola Zagorec, Matija Horaček, Petar Šenjug, Danica Galešić Ljubanović, Krešimir Galešić, Ivica Horvatić

Sažetak
Oralni antikoagulansi mogu dovesti do akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja (ABO), tzv. nefropatije povezane s primjenom antikoagulansa (ARN, engl. anticoagulant-related nephropathy), obilježene glomerularnim krvarenjem i opstrukcijom tubula eritrocitnim cilindrima. Varfarin se najčešće povezuje s ARN-om, no recentna istraživanja pokazala su da i novi antikoagulansi čiji je mehanizam djelovanja neovisan o vitaminu K, poput dabigatrana (DG), mogu uzrokovati ARN koja je u slučaju DG-a nazvana dabigatranskom nefropatijom. Većina slučajeva dabigatranske nefropatije opisana je kod pacijenata s parenhimskom bubrežnom bolešću, najčešće IgA nefropatijom. U ovom radu prikazujemo slučaj dabigatranske nefropatije dokazane bubrežnom biopsijom u pacijentice stare 75 godina bez preegzistentne bubrežne bolesti koja je DG uzimala zbog trajne fibrilacije atrija. Prezentirala se makrohematurijom i teškim ABO-om uz prisutne kliničke i radiološke znakove srčanog popuštanja i infekcije kože potkoljenice. Histološka analiza nakon bubrežne biopsije pokazala je umjereno do teško akutno tubularno oštećenje s intratubularnim eritrocitnim cilindrima i arealima intersticijskog krvarenja. Bubrežna se funkcija poboljšala nakon isključenja DG-a i kratkotrajne terapije glukokortikoidima. Ovaj prikaz pokazuje da i DG, poput varfarina, može povećati rizik od bubrežnog tubularnog krvarenja neovisno o prisutnosti parenhimske bubrežne bolesti.
Summary

Oral anticoagulants can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) called anticoagulant-related nephropathy (ARN) characterized by glomerular hemorrhage and tubular obstruction by red blood cell (RBC) casts. ARN is most commonly related to warfarin. Recent research showed that non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), such as dabigatran (DG), can also be related to a similar type of AKI consistent with ARN called DG-related nephropathy. The vast majority of previously reported cases of DG-related nephropathy included patients with another parenchymal renal disease, most commonly IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Here, we describe a case of kidney biopsy-confirmed
DG-related nephropathy in a seventy-five-year-old female patient without evidence of preexisting renal disease. She has been taking dabigatran due to permanent atrial fibrillation of several years duration. She presented with gross hematuria, severe AKI, clinical and radiological signs of heart failure and skin infection of the lower limb. Renal biopsy revealed normal glomeruli with signs of moderate to severe acute tubular injury with large intratubular RBC casts and zones of interstitial hemorrhage. Renal function improved significantly after DG withdrawal. This case demonstrates that DG, like warfarin, may increase the risk of renal tubular bleeding in patients, irrespective of the absence of other parenchymal kidney disease.

Volumen: 1-2, 2025

Liječ Vjesn 2025;147:45–50

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