New immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia – the role of monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoints blockade
Autori:
Ljubica Mežnarić, Ida Ivek, Antonija Babić, Alojzija Brčić, Nadira Duraković, Radovan Vrhovac, Hrvoje Lalić
Sažetak
Summary
Despite therapeutic advances, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a disease with a particularly poor prognosis, especially in older patients and those with high-risk genetic features. Relapses are still common, and standard treatment options are often insufficient to achieve durable remission. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach based on modulation of the immune system to eliminate leukemic cells. This review presents current immunotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of AML, with a focus on two key directions: the use of monoclonal antibodies and the blockade of immune checkpoints. The main therapeutic targets, mechanisms of action, and potential clinical utility – particularly in combination with existing modalities such as hypomethylating agents and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – are highlighted. Although some strategies have shown encouraging results, most immunotherapeutic approaches have not yet entered standard clinical practice. Further research is necessary to confirm efficacy, identify predictive biomarkers of response, and optimize treatment algorithms. Depending on the outcomes of future studies, earlier and more individualized application of immunotherapy may be considered, particularly in patients with measurable residual
disease and high-risk molecular profiles.