Posterior cortical atrophy – a challenge for ophthalmologists
Autori:
Branimir Cerovski, Tomislav Vidović, Zlatko Juratovac, Smiljka Popović Suić
Sažetak
Summary
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative clinical-radiological condition with atrophy of the posterior portions of the cerebral cortex, including the visual cortex and portions of the parietal and temporal cortex. Nonspecific visual disorders are often misinterpreted as ophthalmological leading to a delayed true diagnosis. Differentiating PCA from other diseases can be demanding and time-consuming. A patient with PCA at the age of 57 is shown presenting visual perceptual disorders for years, initially diagnosed as ophthalmic diseases and then as unexplained visual impairment. A radial keratotomy was performed 25 years ago, and six years ago a
phakic intraocular verisyse lens was implanted. No suspected optical neuropathy or maculopathy was confirmed during neuroophthalmological observation. Careful medical history reveals that the family noted the patient’s facial recognition, reading and writing difficulties years earlier. The difficulties of estimating depth and spatial orientation, problems with stairs especially when descending were noted. A large discrepancy was found between the reported functional visual impairments (visual acuity, visual field, Ishihara color test) on the one hand, and on the other hand a normal ophthalmoscopic examination on the retina and a normal morphological finding on OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography). The MRI scan also raised suspicion of cortical problems and the patient was directed to further neurological and neuro-radiological observation with PET-FDG leading to the diagnosis of PCA. PCA is an important condition, since these patients usually refer first to ophthalmologists because of visual impairment. Due to normal finding on ophthalmoscopy and normal OCT, they are considered as patients with unexplained visual loss, which is not appropriate. In these cases cortical cause of visual impairment should be considered. Therefore, history data or medical history should be obtained. Sometimes, gathering of comprehensive data pertainingto past and present medical condition from the family members is needed. A specialist in cognitive neurologyshould also be consulted. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of physicians about this entity as a possible cause of unexplained vision loss, and to facilitate early recognition with appropriate diagnostic methods.