Proposals for opportunistic cervical cancer screening in the Republic of Croatia

Autori:

Marko Klarić, Goran Vujić, Dražan Butorac, Dimče Sertić, Jasmina Vraneš, Snježana Tomić, Danijela Vrdoljak Mozetić

Sažetak
Rak vrata maternice u svijetu je po učestalosti četvrta maligna bolest u žena i četvrti uzrok smrti. Incidencija je puno viša u zemljama u razvoju gdje se ne provodi probir i ondje je ova bolest vodeći uzrok smrti među svim ginekološkim malignim bolestima. Probir za rak vrata maternice preventivna je aktivnost kojom se pomoću otkrivanja premalignih promjena i mikroinvazivnog stadija raka vrata maternice sprječava razvoj invazivnog raka. Prijedlozi za prevenciju raka vrata maternice uzima u obzir napredak u molekularnoj dijagnostici i upotrebi HPV-testova jer sve više zemalja u svijetu prelazi na probir HPV-testom. Kako je kombinacija citologije i HPV-testa (kotestiranje) superiorna po osjetljivosti i specifičnosti u usporedbi sa samostalnom primjenom tih testova, pojedine zemlje odlučuju se za probir upravo kotestiranjem. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati i objasniti najbolji model probira u Republici Hrvatskoj, kada započeti s probirom, koje testove koristiti i u kojim vremenskim intervalima. Svaka zemlja mora prilagoditi model probira svom zdravstvenom sustavu i mogućnostima. Uzevši u obzir trenutnu situaciju u probiru raka vrata maternice, kvalitetu i dostupnost citoloških laboratorija kao i mogućnost molekularne dijagnostike, autori ovoga rada zaključili su da je model dvojnog testiranja (kotestiranja) najprikladniji za oportunistički probir koji se provodi u Republici Hrvatskoj. S probirom bi trebalo započeti u 21. godini života, do 29. godine kao primarni test koristiti PAPA-test u intervalima od tri godine. Nakon 30. godine, također u intervalima od tri godine koristiti kotestiranje. U slučajevima negativnih testova, s probirom se završava u 65. godini života. Kao trijažni test može se koristiti test dualnog bojenja na p16/Ki-67. Zaključno, bez obzira na vrstu testa koji se koristi za probir, najbitniji čimbenik uspješnosti probira jest što veća obuhvaćenost populacije u sam probir, što mora i dalje biti primarni cilj.
Summary

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignant disease worldwide in women and the
fourth cause of death. The incidence is much higher in developing countries without screening and where this
disease is the leading cause of death among all gynecological malignancies. Cervical cancer screening prevents
the development of invasive cancer by detecting premalignant lesions and the microinvasive stage of
cervical cancer. New guidelines for the prevention of cervical cancer should take into account the progress in
molecular diagnostics and the use of HPV tests, and majority of countries are switching to screening primary
with the HPV test. As the combination of cytology and HPV test (co-testing) is superior in terms of sensitivity
and specificity compared to the independent use of these tests, some countries decide to screen with
co-
testing. The aim of this paper is to show and explain the best screening model in the Republic of Croatia,
to define when to start screening, which tests to use and at what time intervals. Each country must adapt the
screening model to its health system and capabilities. Taking into account the current situation in cervical
cancer screening, the quality and availability of cytology laboratories, as well as the possibility of molecular
diagnostics, the authors of this paper concluded that the dual testing (co-testing) model is the most suitable
for opportunistic screening carried out in the Republic of Croatia. Screening should start at the age of 21, and
until the age of 29 the primary test should be the Pap smear at 3-year intervals. After the age of 30, also at
intervals of three years, the primary test should be co-testing. In cases of negative tests, screening ends at the
age of 65. A dual staining test for p16/Ki-67 can be used as a triage test. Finally, the most important factor for
a successful screening is the percentage of the population which is included in the screening program, what
should be the primary goal.

Volumen: 11-12, 2025

Liječ Vjesn 2025;147:408–415

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